A Life Lived Well! Essay -- Literary Analysis, Hawthorne

In The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne there are some symbols in his novel. According to Laurence Prerrine defines a literary symbol as something that means more than what it is. It is an object, a person, a situation, an action, or some other item that has a literal convey as well. Hawthorne uses a physiognomy defined by Laurence Prerrine, Hawthorne choosing names for his showcase that serves not only to label them but also to suggest something about them for pillow slip Pearl, Hester Prynne, Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale, and Roger Chillingworth in The Scarlet Letter. As symbolism appears all throughout the story Hawthorne creates his characters in how the name, forcible appearance, and behavior of each of his characters. In Hawthorne story the character Pearl symbolizes maintenance sin, an outcast, a treasure, and a youngster with knowledge that most puritan children may not have. Pearl is Hester Prynne and Reverend Arthur Dimmesdales daughter who is conceived in adulte ry (49). Because her mother and father were not married this is a sin in the puritan culture (48, 77). Pearl is an outcast for this reason and for not behaving as a puritan child should be have. Pearl would throw rocks, scream like a witch, and run away (84-85). She was also alienated because she was not living in a family that is approved by the magistrate. This disapproval of a single parent home they tried to take her away from her mother (89). This battle for a Christian home for Pearl is the only concern that the magistrate had for her eternal life (92). Hester views Pearl as a rare treasure and that she can raise her child in a Christian home like the rest of the other families (80). Pearls behavior is like a sprite, or she screams like a wi... ... a secret to the public (219). Dimmesdale and Chillingworth both have secrets that affect them in the same way but emotionally differently in the ways of physical manifestation.Nathaniel Hawthorne uses many sensors to symbolize his story with Pearl, Hester, Arthur, and Roger to show that life goes on even when you have g bingle away from the stereotypes of the people who surround you. From Pearl being a demon child to growing up to becomes a mother to her child or from Hester Prynne keeping her mistake to herself and moving on in life and skill that no matter what the law she broke that she can thrive in her living. As for Dimmesdale and Chillingworth we see one set free when he confesses his sin and one who disappears when there is no sin to keep as a secret. As all lives have its road blocks, but Hester Prynne lives a life learning how to perk up around the road.

Comparing the New England and Chesapeake Regions Essay -- American His

Comparing the New England and Chesapeake RegionsThe New England colonies were formed by Protestants who were escaping England. They planned their society. When they came over they brought entire families, not just random people. The Chesapeake region colonies were formed by whoever signed up. The reasons that resulted in the differences between the New England and the Chesapeake colonies were political, social, and economic.The political reasons for the differences were that in New England there was a base plan. In document D I found that after a group of people grows to forty families it is then considered a town. This document also tells that everyone got close to land. Document E adds some more pieces to the puzzle by telling that the peoples wages were set. This group of colonies also had a huge standard of religious freedom, and even some political power. This is far different from the Chesapeake colonies where, in document g it is stated that they are just a little leg of England.There were many social reasons that the two regions were different. In...

The History of Math Essay examples -- essays research papers

The history of math has become an important study, from ancient to modern times it has been sound to advances in science, engineering, and philosophy. Mathematics started with counting. In Babylonia mathematics developed from 2000B.C. A place value notation system had evolved over a lengthy time with a number base of 60. Number problems were studied from at least 1700B.C. Systems of linear equations were studied in the context of solving number problems. The basic of mathematics was patrimonial by the Greeks and independent by the Greeks beg the major Greek progress in mathematics was from 300 BC to 200 AD. After this time progress continued in Islamic countries Unlike the Babylonians, the Egyptians did not develop fully their understanding of mathematics. Instead, they concerned themselves with practical applications of mathematics. Mathematics flourished in particular in Iran, Syria and India from 450B.C. major(ip) progress in mathematics in Europe began again at the beginning o f the 16th Century. The 17th Century saw Napier, Briggs and others greatly extend the antecedent of mathematics as a calculator science with his discovery of logarithms. Cavalieri made progress towards the calculus with his infinitesimal methods and Descartes added the power of algebraic methods to geometry. Euclid, who lived around 300 BC in Alexandria, first stated his five postulates in his book The Elements that forms the base for all of his later Abu Abd-Allah ibn Musa alKhwarizmi, was born abo...

Trouble with Society :: essays papers

Trouble with Society The most troubling thing in our society today is how children treat each other. We try to teach our children to strike high morals so they will be honest and kind when they become older. But how are our children acting when put upnups are not around. Kids tend to discipline each other by how rich their parents are and how well they dress. To a child who is classified as being poor the ridicule and constant ribbing can be overwhelming possibly causing many psychological problems.Kids want a plow of things and as parents we would exchangeable to give those things to them. But a lot of the time we cant afford to. With the rising cost of living it is hard for some people to even put food on the table. With the price of fountain label clothes being so high many people can only afford to shop at k-mart. To a child room is everything if you dont look cool than you will not be accepted by others. You will be teased and made fun of. I remember when I was in elementary school everybody had nike high top sneakers. Although my family was not poor my mother worked hard for her money and she didnt think it was necessary to pay fifty dollars for a pair of clothe I would probably ruin in a couple weeks. Well I was so embarrassed when I had to wear the shoes my mom picked up for me from k-marts. I remember the other children laughing at me because I had a pair of cheap sneakers on.Children go through a lot growing up have to use their parents morals to battle todays social problems. Many things can effect a childs psychological behavior which in arrest effects the people around them. Lets look at the situation that occurred at Columbine High School in Colorado, two children who were social outcasts finally had plenteous of being teased and made fun of went to school and started shooting their peers. Maybe if they werent teased like they were, for not dressing like everyone else or acting like the others, they would have never built up enou gh anger to do such a thing to other humans. For a child to have to grow up in a shack of a house with no heat or running water is a tragedy.

A film adaptation of One Hundred Years of Solitude :: English Literature

A film adaptation of One cardinal Years of SolitudeIntentWe take reached an age, where most things are through with(p) through TV andcinema. It is unfortunate many people do not read many books anymore.People would rather sit for a few hours in a dark room eating popcornand watching a screen. In my opinion it is necessary for more books tobe adapted in films. some(a) people might argue whether a great book suchas Madame Bovary and The Great Gatsby can shine in the same light witha film adaptation. With the film techniques available and the greattalent this is very possible. I am a strong believer that watching anexcellent movie on Pride and Prejudice or any other literarymasterpiece is equal to reading the book. For this reason I have takenon the certificate of indebtedness of adapting chapter 1 of One Hundred Years ofSolitude.One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez is a novelabout a family, the Buendias living in a town called Macondo. Thenovel is postmodern. The re are many instances where time jumps around.Along with the postmodernism feel there is also an element of magical realness. The magical realism is where characters can do things thatare not possible in real life. In example of this is Remediossability to fly in the air and go away. The elements of postmodern andmagical realism make One Hundred Years of Solitude a difficult novelto adapt. For this particular paper I have chosen to adapt chapter 1.Chapter 1 includes flashbacks, magical realism, and the encounterswith the gypsies. I have chosen chapter 1 because it includes theelements the novel is based on. The title of my film on One HundredYears of Solitude is Opportunity. The main reason I have chosen thistitle because it is rooted in the last sentence of the novel,Aureliano Babilonia would finish deciphering the parchments, andthat everything written on them was unrepeatable since time immemorialand forever more, because races condemned to one hundred year ofsolitude did not hav e a second opportunity on humans (Gabriel GarciaMarquez 448). In this quote, Marquez discusses how civilization withcease to be if there continues to be the solitude that is outlined inOne Hundred Years of Solitude. Because the Buendia was the firstattempt at a perfect world, I have called it Opportunity, since thisfamily was the first opportunity at the utopia.By adapting chapter 1 of One Hundred Years of Solitude I fancy to showthat a film can be just as or better than the novel it is based on.

A film adaptation of One Hundred Years of Solitude :: English Literature

A film adaptation of One Hundred Years of privacyIntentWe have reached an age, where nearly things are done through TV andcinema. It is unfortunate many people do not read many books anymore.People would rather sit for a few hours in a dark room eating popcornand watching a screen. In my opinion it is necessary for more books tobe fit in films. Some people might argue whether a great book suchas Madame Bovary and The Great Gatsby can shine in the identical light witha film adaptation. With the film techniques available and the greattalent this is very possible. I am a strong believer that watching an resplendent movie on Pride and Prejudice or any other literarymasterpiece is equal to reading the book. For this reason I have interpretedon the responsibility of adapting chapter 1 of One Hundred Years ofSolitude.One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez is a novelabout a family, the Buendias living in a town called Macondo. Thenovel is postmodern. There are many insta nces where time jumps around.Along with the postmodernism feel there is also an element of sorcerousrealism. The magical realism is where characters can do things thatare not possible in real life. In example of this is Remediossability to fly in the air and go away. The elements of postmodern andmagical realism make One Hundred Years of Solitude a difficult novelto adapt. For this particular subject I have chosen to adapt chapter 1.Chapter 1 includes flashbacks, magical realism, and the encounterswith the gypsies. I have chosen chapter 1 because it includes theelements the novel is based on. The title of my film on One HundredYears of Solitude is Opportunity. The main reason I have chosen thistitle because it is rooted in the last sentence of the novel,Aureliano Babilonia would bury deciphering the parchments, andthat everything written on them was unrepeatable since time immemorialand forever more, because races condemned to one hundred year ofsolitude did not have a second luc k on earth (Gabriel GarciaMarquez 448). In this quote, Marquez discusses how civilization withcease to be if there continues to be the solitude that is outlined inOne Hundred Years of Solitude. Because the Buendia was the first-yearattempt at a perfect world, I have called it Opportunity, since thisfamily was the first opportunity at the utopia.By adapting chapter 1 of One Hundred Years of Solitude I hope to showthat a film can be just as or better than the novel it is based on.

Interest Groups and Government Policies Essay

Interest groups help air and legitimize governing body policies in several ways. As instability is veritable to attract political activity1, it in like manner attracts affaire groups to meddle in such political activity. When trusted governance policies conflict with the specific chases of these groups, they stooge call the direction of the governing body through normal demonstrations or protests.They crowd out also use mass media to inform the general public about their views on accredited government policies, thereby communicating not only their position on the issues involved but also the government policies being addressed. On the other hand, when certain government policies support the avocations of these groups, they can further enhance the legitimacy of such policies by conducting a public gathering designed to summation the publics sensation on such policies, thereby gathering much public support.Even without interest groups, communicating and legitimatin g government policies can still be achieved. For the most part, nation can still organize themselves without holding a collective interest other than the inclination to either support or protest an existing government policy.Since a more developed country is most likely populated by more interest groups2, governments faced with the task of issuing specific policies in order to foster economic growth are most likely to face opposition from certain interest groups who oppose such policies. One manikin is when a government decides to issue a policy of free trade in response to the need of increasing the countrys trading activities so as to stimulate the economy.Interest groups opposing the government policy of free trade can stage demonstrations in public locations. Doing so can increase their chances of being heard by the government and, in consequence, compelling the government to adjust its policies accordingly. At the same time, these interest groups will openly communicate to th e public the reasons why they oppose the policy without forcing them to join their cause. At the least, public demonstrations serve the purpose of informing the public and the government that a sector of the society opposes certain government policies.Mass media plays a key role in communicating the views of interest groups towards government policies. Since individuals interact with issues emphasized in media coverage3, there is reason to take that interest groups can reach and influence public perception through mass media in general. Interest groups can publish their articles through paid publisher column space on a specific date of issue that they feel will have a lasting and strong impression on readers.Interest groups opposing specific provisions in government policies on healthcare, for instance, can pay for a space in a major newspaper publisher where they can state their reasons for opposing the provisions and the alternatives that can be done. The method will most likel y reach a large part of the world due to the large circulation of a major newspaper, thereby informing a broad segment of the public.Television and radio represents also provide avenues for interest groups to communicate to the public their position on government policies. For example, an interest group opposing the existing government policy on carbon emissions can either overhear a request to television networks to provide them with a show where they can air their views or accept invitations for discussions or interviews on television. Whether or not these interest groups are able to convince the viewing public, it is likely that they are still able to communicate a portion of the substance of the government policy on carbon emissions.On the other hand, interest groups can also legitimize government policies, especially those that are aligned with their concerns. One way of achieving it is to conduct a public forum where people can participate or simply listen to discussions ab out the policies. For instance, interest groups can hold a public forum in the town hall and discuss immediate concerns regarding the current government policy on immigration.With the immigration policy favoring their side, these interest groups can disseminate the cultivation about the benefits of the policy which can eventually translate to more public support. Since the key principle is that the people is the source of the governments power, public discussions conducted by interest groups which are able to gather public support for government policies further legitimize such policies.The impel of interest groups to their Congressional Representatives can also legitimize government policies. Letters to Congressional Representatives coming from interest groups can help inform these representatives that a portion of their constituents are in support of a government policy that the representative may or may not actually favor.Through such letters, interest groups can put a pressure on their dissenting representatives to favor the government policy regardless of political affiliations. soupcon campaigns when taken together with letters to Congressional Representatives can add more weight to the support given to government policies, giving these representatives more reason to align their positions with the public perception.Nevertheless, government policies can be communicated or legitimized to a certain degree despite the absence of interest groups. Other ways to achieve the goal of communicating and legitimizing government policies include signature campaigns, public dialogue with government officials and infomercials sponsored by the government.Through the initiative of a few individuals, signature campaigns can be launched in support of or opposition to certain government policies. Signature campaigns of this nature do not necessarily require the leadership of interest groups since private individuals can also gather public signatures even without an affil iation to whatever specific interest group. The purpose is to simply gather signatures as many as possible without attempting to form a formal group out of the bring number of participants.Public dialogue with government officials can also be a way to inform the public about government policies. The dialogue can be sponsored by the office of the concerned government official or the local members of the community. Through dialogue, government officials are able to discuss in breaker point the purpose and nature of certain government policies. People are also given the chance to ask relevant questions to the government official whose response can further inform the public.Airing infomercials over the television or radio is also a way for the government to communicate its policies to the public and to further show the legitimacy of such policies. Since an infomercial is basically a one-way type of communication, it can simply inform the public about government policies at best. org anisation policies communicated to the public through radio or television infomercials are already assumed to be legitimate the government is presumed to disseminate information about government policies that are lawful and approved by the concerned government agency.Despite the possibility of communicating and legitimating government policies in the absence of interest groups, it is better if interest groups are still able to challenge or reaffirm government policies especially when taken in the context of a democratic society. The presence of interest groups can indicate the health of the political activity in any country. In their absence, the legislature and the government in general may possibly dismiss vital social and political concerns or abuse their power to create and enforce policies.BibliographyBischoff, Ivo. Determinants of the Increase in the Number of Interest Groups in Western Democracies a priori Considerations and Evidence from 21 OECD Countries. Public Choice 11 4, no. 1/2 (2003) 197-218.Domke, David, Dhavan V. Shah, and Daniel B. Wackman. Rights and Morals, Issues, and Candidate Integrity Insights into the Role of the News Media. Political Psychology 21, no. 4 (2000) 641-65.Levmore, Saul. Voting Paradoxes and Interest Groups. The Journal of Legal Studies 28, no. 2 (1999) 259-81.

Analysis of a Pertinent Issue in Management from an Internet

Analysis of a Pertinent Issue in Management from an Internet Magazine ArticleThis is an analysis of Rodiers (2007) write up focusing on the issue of attempt c atomic number 18. First in the analysis is a discussion on risk management. Next, it embarks on the draw points for a successful risk management. Fin every last(predicate)y, it weighs the soundness of the articles recommendation.The Internet and digital transactions are a huge opportunity for businesses like banks and separate financial institutions. Businesses may choose to exploit this opportunity or be petrified and refuse to jump in the next big thing. The first option requires risk management while the second option is plain risk avoidance that masks a bigger riskthat of being obsolete and hence, erupt of business. In the adjudicate article, Rodier discusses risk management in the use or exploitation of a great business opportunity rather than being obsolete or out of business. Hence in this sense, risk management is really an issue of opportunity management. Simply put, a business action is a risk worth winning than inaction or doing zip fastener at all.Rodiers key points for successful risk management are a) labor collaboration b) outsourcing specialized knowledge and c) being informed about trends that are likely to turn into full blown threats in the operation of a business. Since the finance industry is affected as a full-page, Rodier asserts that industry collaboration is necessary to counter a risk such as organized crime from all parts of the world. This is sound observation since the industrys resources combined can be a great force in countering a serious threat. Moreover, faster learning curves in the industry entrust be possible to counter the growing community of cyber criminals. Outsourcing specialized knowledge besides contributes to faster problem resolution while being informed makes businesses vary to changes in terms of threats, vulnerabilities, and the various modu s operandi of cyber criminals.Finally, the articles final say in Josh Williams quote is very sound risk management advice. Processes, mass and technologies indeed flip to be consistently and constantly considered, reviewed, and changed. After all action is ultimately the best risk management strategy than doing nothing at all.ReferenceRodier, M. (2007). Online Security Attacks Against Financial Institutions Rapidly Increasing. WallStreet & Technology. US CMP Media LLC. Retrieved October 7, 2007, from the WallStreet & Technology Web sites http//www.wallstreetandtech.com/ showArticle.jhtml?articleID=201806928 for page 1 and http//www.wallstreetandtech.com/online-security-attacks-against-financial-institutions-rapidly-increasing/d/d-id/1258922?page_number=2 for page 2.Required Attachment of Reference summon 1Online Security Attacks Against Financial Institutions Rapidly Increasing As the number of hack attacks continues to rise, experts say companies must use multiple factors of au thentication, risk analysis and people to nurture themselves. By Melanie Rodier Wall Street & Technology September 17, 2007Hacking is a multibillion-dollar business. Gone are the days of teenagers sitting in their parents basements trying to hack into a companys electronic computer system just to prove a point. Today, hacking is an organized crime enterprise and it is bigger than ever.The number of online hack attacks against banking organizations soared 81 percent in the first half(a) of this stratum, according to U.S. security services provider SecureWorks. At the World Economic Forum in Davos earlier this year, Vint Cerf, one of the codevelopers of the TCP/IP standard that underlies all Internet traffic, said up to a quarter of computers on the Internet might currently be used by cyber criminals in so-called botnets. Botnets are made up of large numbers of computers that malicious hackers have brought under their control after infecting them with Trojan virus programs. While most owners are short to the infection, the ne bothrks of tens of thousands of computers are used to launch spam E-mail campaigns, denial-of-service attacks or online fraud schemes.Cerf, who now works for Google, likened the spread of botnets to a pandemic. Of the 600 million computers currently connected to the Internet, among 100 million and 150 million are already part of these botnets, he said.The dramatic rise in the number of hack attacks is being impelled by the increase in transactions now taking place online. People are depending on the Internet for all sorts of services, and as usage increases so does negative fraud, explains Joe Stensland, SVP at Scivantage, a provider of Web-based front- and middle-office solutions for financial services.And as the stakes rise, so does the sophistication level of attacks. Todays IT attacks are regional, targeted after specific people and companies, and merely driven by profit, experts warn.Hackers are professional, motivated, have l ots of cash and are doing it for the cash, says David Rand, CTO of security firm Trend Micro. Its all about the money, and the money is huge. In todays tube economy, consumers stolen report card information is currently priced at $1,000 to $5,000, a acknowledgement calling card number with PIN is valued at $300, birth certificate information goes for $150, and a credit card number with security code and expiration date is currently valued at $7 to $25, according to Rand.A large number of hackers are based in Eastern Europe. Its a big source of blackhat hackers who are finding vulnerabilities, says Gartner analyst Peter Firstbrook. alone attacks are coming from all over. beady-eyed Web servers are evenly distributed across the world, he adds, noting that attacks also originate in Brazil, India, Thailand, Argentina and the United States.An Elaborate UnderworldCriminals operate in an elaborate networked perdition of Web sites and chat rooms, where they tout their wares and avidl y recruit new members. They sell each other stolen account numbers, tools for making credit cards, scanners to pick up card numbers and PINs from ATMs, and viruses and other malicious software, relates Karim Zerhouni, an analyst with BearingPoint. Recently, he says, criminals were offering on the Internet a Trojan virus for $600.They were even offering you one year of technical support for free with the Trojan, Zerhouni adds. With that you can target specific financial institutions to get all the information you want.Bulletin boards used by fraudsters are lots set up like eBay, with a reputation system, points out Louie Gasparini, chief technology officer for the consumer solutions business unit with security vendor RSA. Theyll say, Hi, Im a high-priced fraudster you can trust me. Or, Buyer beware fraudster unverified, he explains. Then you have sections talking about informants, where theyll say, Dont do business with John. He ripped me off. Theres also a whole training section Fraudster 101 which shows how to change billing addresses of credit cards, how to change PINs. They talk about new scams and new vulnerabilities.Online criminals are also quick to trim down their scams to any newsworthy event. When Wells Fargos computer system crashed in August, knocking out its Internet, telephone and ATM banking services for several hours, criminals immediately started discussing plans on bulletin boards to send out E-mails to the banks clients acknowledging the computer problems and asking victims to log on to phony Wells Fargo sites to validate their user information, which could then be used to steal their account information.Required Attachment of Reference Page 2Online Security Attacks Against Financial Institutions Rapidly IncreasingAs the number of hack attacks continues to rise, experts say companies must use multiple factors of authentication, risk analysis and people to protect themselves. By Melanie Rodier Wall Street Technology September 17, 2007 A Constant VigilSo how can companies protect themselves against the looming threat of hackers? One key is to be constantly apprised of the threats lurking on the Internet. As such, security watchdog Financial Services Information Sharing and Analysis Center (FS-ISAC) announced a partnership with MessageOne to provide urgent, to the full automated cyber (and physical) security alerts to its 4,000-member firms. Members are automatically notified of a new threat by their preferred method of communication cell phone, E-mail, home phone, etc. Firms also receive recommendations for solutions and can join conference calls to brainstorm about the threats.Smaller organizations that might not have invested in top-notch security need to be particularly vigilant. Everyone is tone ending to concentrate on large institutions such as Citigroup, says BearingPoints Zerhouni. But since a bigger firm usually has relatively tight security, The value of hacking into them is not very high, he adds. B ut a small community bank with lesser defenses still might have more than $100 million in assets, Zerhouni notes.Security professionals agree that multifactor authentication is essential. You have to make sure the people who come through the front door are who they say they are. Experts suggest that employees or clients should input at least two or 3 nuggets of information before they receive access to a network.To prevent phishing, users also can be asked to recognize a picture they had previously selected. Tokens, which are increasingly popular in the financial industry and are used by firms such as JPMorgan, provide a new six- or seven-digit password every 15 seconds a better method than trying to commit a range of different passwords to human memory. (According to a recent RSA survey, approximately a quarter of employees are required to remember 15 passwords or more at work.)But while having multiple layers of security is important, it is not enough. Once hackers are able to phish for one thing, they can phish for others. Plus, it wont protect you from inside threats, such as if an employee puts an infected USB device in their own office computer, says Zerhouni. This happened at one bank, and 5,000 credit reports were compromised.Ultimately, experts say, the best solution is to use multiple methods of authentication in conjunction with risk analysis looking at someones normal behavior, such as an IP address usually located in Manhattan, and verifying that this behavior is consistent.Bank of America, for instance, uses RSAs SiteKey to help clients recognize that theyre at the valid online banking site at Bank of America, rather than at a phony look-alike site, and to help the bank recognize the clients as the true owners of the accounts. SiteKey is made up of three parts an image, an image human action and three challenge questions. If a user suddenly signs on from a different computer, the bank asks one of the clients challenge questions to verify hi s or her identity. If answered correctly, the secret SiteKey image title and image will then appear.However, no single method is foolproof. Ultimately, says Josh Williams, manager in the business consulting practice for Devon, Pa.-based SMART Business Advisory and Consulting, whatsoever solution has to be a blend of processes and people and

English Euphemism Essay

Euphemism, as a common linguistic phenomenon in introduction culture, is widely riding habit in e very brotherly cryst in allise and field. side of meat euphemism, as one and only(a) of many euphemisms existing in the cosmos, has its own deep origin, which involve some(prenominal) the ghostlike origin and the historical, literary origin. This thesis will try to discuss the origin of side of meat euphemism from every aspect of organized religion, race, politics, literary, and history. wording reflects heart, and is always most related to the society. During the communication, due to any(prenominal) accredited restriction of behavior and morality, raft tend to use euphemism- utilise as a kind of lubrication, making the caustic, indelicate lecture sound tactful and pleasant. face euphemism plays a very serious role in pecks friendly communication. This paper will also fill out the sociable communicative function of English euphemism from the three aspects evasive function, polite function, and ornamental function.Having a good representing of the origin and friendly function of English euphemism and the English phrase Culture can avoid many conflicts in the process of social communication . Key Words origin communicative function evasion nonfunctional function adroitness Abstract euphemisms prevalent in the language of the worlds cultural phenomenon, it is widely used in all social strata and fields. Euphemism as a euphemism in one of the many, has its deep roots produced, in which packets of religion and politics, but also literature and history. This paper attempts to religion, race, politics, literature, history, in a bid to explore the yield of English Euphemisms source.Language reflects life, and always closely linked with social, conversation in the language, due to a trusted code of conduct and Ethics constraints, population much use the euphemism - the lubricant, making harsh, non polite euphemism becomes so pleasurable. It is in peoples social communication played an important role. This function of its taboo, courtesy functions and capabilities in three areas to dream up up the English language Euphemism illustrates the social communicative functions. Euphemism by fully grounds the origins of English and its social communicative function, and further understand the English language and culture, in order to avoid social communication in the various conflicts. Keywrangle origincommunicative function taboo politeness cover1.IntroductionEuphemism is a cultural phenomenon as well as a linguistic concept. Every language has its own euphemism, so does English. It is deeply rooted in social life and has a great influence on social communication. As an indispensable and natural pArt of English language, English euphemism has attracted peoples attending for a long time. Since Euphemism was coined, it has played a very important role in peoples communication. The communication without euphemism is unimagi nable. Euphemism is used like lubrication, which makes the communication go on smoothly. This thesis will postulate an overview of the origin of English euphemism, and state its social communicative function.English euphemism as a linguistic concept, it has close relationships with the westerly culture, and it truly reflects the life and values of English people and their history. Euphemism is a particularly good medium for access to the force of language that has provided an effective approach to arrangement the human mind. The study of English euphemism can help us understand the western Culture and promote the international Development because euphemism is widely used in international negotiations. So there is a great need for us to study English euphemism, including its origin, its social function, etcetera2. The definitions of English euphemismEuphemism is a universal linguistic phenomenon. Nearly in every language, there are some disgusting words, which make people feel em barrassed. In the process of communication, the unsuitable or withal direct words will make people feel uncomfortable, even angry. Then there is a great need for us to use a tactful way to let loose emotion, exchange ideas. That is to say, to use a pleasant, mild or indirect words or phrases take the place of tabooed words. It is known that euphemism is a form of language intentionally created in social relation to achieve ideal communication. Without them any language would seem to be vulgar and rude, void of politeness and vividness to some extent. As a common communication in the process of people victimisation language, euphemism is an important way for people to coordinate the social relationships.Like a kind of lubrication, euphemism enables people to express what can non be uttered directly and ensures communication to becarried smoothly. It is a language Strategy in cultured society for avoiding taboo. It is unimaginable if the communication is without euphemism. The wor d euphemism was derived from the Greek word euphemismos, which gist fair speech. The prefix eu means good, sound well and pheme means saying or speech. And thus the literal meaning of euphemism is to speak with good words or in a pleasant manner. That is to say, euphemism is used as an alternative to unpleasant expression, in order to avoid possible lose of scene, either ones own face or through going offense, that of the audience, or some of third of party.This unpleasant expression may be tabooed, fearsome, or for some other reasons that speakers cant or assign non to use some certain expression directly on some occasion. In Websters Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language is the substitution of a mild, indirect, or vague expression for one thought substituted . Rawson Blunt, a British writer, defined euphemism as a good favorable comment of a bad word.1 Encyclopedia Britannica (1994) also defines euphemism as a figure of speech in which something of an u npleasant, distressing or indelicate temperament is described in less offensive monetary value2 From the above mentioned, we could clearly see that euphemism is characterized by avoidance language and evasive expression. The speakers use words or expressions as a protective shield against the anger or disapproval of natural or supernatural things. It is one form of language and a linguistic phenomenon3.The origins of English euphemism3.1 The religious origin of English euphemismThe earliest English euphemisms come from taboo. The word taboo comes from Togan, a kind of Polynesian. It indicates evasive language or action. 3 The emergence of English euphemism is to fitting the need of avoiding taboos. In primitive society, people cant explain such things as ailment and some supernatural phenomena. batch have got confusion mingled with the name of the things and things themselves. The name is viewed as an extension of things. Just as the idiom says Speak of devil and he appears . Naturally the words or phrases related to such things become taboos. 4 In the ancient times, people had blind faith in ghosts and Gods they respected. They whispered and even feared them so they did not dare to overlay theirnames directly. They think it profane to name God.Therefore the names of gods become the earliest taboos. To speak name of gods was to evoke the divinity whose power then had to be confronted. Such dangerous practices were reserved for priests skilled in negotiating with the supernatural. So the usual way to avoid is to employ euphemisms. Therefore, for the religious need, a lot of euphemisms about religion emerged. For example, in order not to desecrate God, people in English-speaking country always use some other name for God quite of calling directly, such as Adonai, the Almighty, Caesars Cruth, the Creater, Dod, Gad, Land, Lawks, Lawd. 5The opposite side of god is devil, which is much terrible for people. When people refer to them, they tend to use such e uphemisms to alternate D, the Big D, the Evil one, the Black one, the Goodman, Jesse, Old boy, Our father, Lord of lords, King of kings, the Light of the world, etc. 6 From the above mentioned, we can find that religion brings many euphemistic terms in the religious matter, especially the naming and addressing of God to the language. 3.2 The racial and national origins of English euphemismIt is known to all, the phenomenon of racial discrimination is deeply rooted in the States in which equal opportunity is flattered by American white people as an equal right enjoyed by everyone. Due to the pressure of social earth opinion, although some whites discriminate the black from their heart, they will not expose this kind of prejudice in public. Meanwhile, few people dare to humiliate and persecute blacks in public for no reason at all. In other words, the way of discrimination becomes tactful. There are many euphemisms emerging for this reason. In the 1930s, nigger is still a neutral noun in England, and has no meaning of humiliating blacks. But since this word has the obvious meaning of discriminating the blacks, most of people in England and Americans use some other euphemistic words, such as colored black instead.When talking about some other races, it does not often use the direct words that are related to color. People often use some euphemistic expression, such as the geographic name. 3.3 Historical, literary and Political origins of English euphemism From the time the Normans conquered England in 1066, English has emerged many euphemisms. At that time, the main reason to use euphemism is that the language used by the conquered is often disparaged, and is thought as gross language. The upperclass surely doesn t want to lower their status to use such words. In order to avoid using such gross words, they tend to use the dandified words, which originated from Latin. And these words were mixed into English gradually. There are also many euphemisms in literary works.For example, in Hamlet, Shakespeare use the expression The undiscovered country from whose bourn no traveler returns (there has never been a mystery travelers to come back off the country) to express his great sympathy for Hamlet . 7 The far-famed American writer Mark Twain use release to express die in his work The Adventure of Tom Sawyer. Besides, politics is a fat area for the appearance and growth of English euphemism, which is nonfunctional in expression but deceptive in nature. Euphemisms of this kind are always consciously and deliberately. The cosmetic euphemism can be easily found in American English. Governments discussion of the Vietnam War was saturated with euphemisms.Villages burned and inhabitants imprisoned were Pacifications the war itself was not a war but a conflict, the bombing becomes logistical strike or close air support, and killing becomes wasting the competitor. These euphemisms are used to rat and to hide the dirty business of war . 8 The use of such Political euphemisms helps government to beautify the action and prevent people from taking any anti-government action. So in order to satisfy the Political needs, many euphemisms come to exist.4.The social communicative function of English euphemismFrom the perspective of language communication, euphemism functions to avoid taboos, to show politeness and conceal feelings. Thanks to euphemism, it is easy for people to accept the things that are likely to make others feel embarrassed or unhappy. It is peoples general character to express their ideas as mildly and tactfully as possible. Euphemism helps people to reach this goal. From the moment euphemism came into existence, it has played a very important role in our daily communication, and help establish a good relationship between human beings and even strengthen the social stability. Euphemism are move by the desire not to be offensive.People use them to show their politeness, to avoid being offensive and to meet the psyc hological and beneficial needs of both speakers and hearers in communication. But sometimes they are used to conceal or cover something. Accordingly, euphemism serves three basic communicative functions evasivefunction, polite function and cosmetic function.4.1 The evasive function of English euphemismThe evasive function of euphemism is to evade using taboos, enabling the speaker to talk about tabooed things freely. These tabooed things are believed to be dangerous to certain individuals, or to the society as a whole, or to be disgusting and unpleasant, and cause fear. Such tabooed things include disease, disabilities, death, sex, body excretion and body elimination process, etc. People can use euphemisms to talk about what cannot be talked directly.Reposted elsewhere in the paper for free download4.1.1 In terms of disease and disabilitiesPeople yearn for health, and fear for specific disease and every sort of disability. So people always use tactful way to express them. For exampl e, sexual or venereal disease such as syphilis, gonorrhoea, ADIS, etc. Are called social disease, communicative disease, etc. in English. Besides, disabilities are very elegant area in every culture. In English, the disabled, the handicapped, the inconvenienced, the invalid, auditory impaired, hard of hearing, talk with ones fingers, etc. are put into service. 9 So euphemism plays a very important function in our social communication. Without it, we sometimes cannot continue our talk.4.1.2 In terms of deathDeath is an inevitable stage at the end of lifes journey. It is common Experience of human beings. Yet it has been the source of fear-fear of the loss of loved ones fear of the end of ones life fear of the material process of dying. Therefore, all these fears, worries, and unpleasant feelings combined lead to verbal taboo of death. Euphemisms concerning death are extremely rich. In English, there are more than seventy euphemisms for death, including to be gone, to be gone to a better world, to be with God, to breath ones last, to close ones day, to depArt from the world forever, to depArt to God, to fall asleep, join the great majority, pass away, etc. 10 No matter why this word is used in a certain language, people always tend to use less harsh words4.1.3 In terms of sex, bodyexcretion and body elimination process Words relating to sex, replication and excretion are highly restricted to mention because they may evoke disgusting responses of people. Verbal taboo on them is probably motivated by the nonrational disaster, shame. People all have certain feelings of which they are so ashamed that they don t like to admit even to themselves. In peoples daily life or in some formal occasion, if the talk or discussion refers to something about drainage, people will try to avoid using vulgar language. They tend to use some implied or neutral words to make conversation comfortable. For ordinary people, the safest way to avoid mentioning these things that they h ave to mention in many circumstances is to use another expression-euphemism to replace the true name of such a thing.For example, in English there are many elegant expressions for going to WC, such as to wash ones hand, to spend a penny, to go and see ones aunt, to answer the call of nature, because nature calls, etc. 11 The topic concerning being great(predicate) is touchy because it tends to arouse the association with sexual behaviors. To beat round bushes is very necessary, such as with child , anticipating , excepting for pregnant , etc. 12 Talking about sexual intercourse is taboo. Expressions relating to sex have heavily been veiled for the purpose of avoiding awkwardness and offense. So people use euphemistic words to talk about it. For example, people evade saying hip directly which is replaced with buttock, bottom, ones thing, and secret split donates sex organs of both males and females.4.1.4 In terms of previous(a) ageEnglish and Chinese have different feelings about old age. A Chinese is proud of being old, whereas a westerner will feel irritated and even insulted at mentioning his oldness. In English culture, people do not describe others as or to be described as old because the old, who no longer work, are ignored by society. Therefore, people create the number childhood golden years, senior citizen, gray hair, mature golden age when they refer to old age in which it attempts to conceal the fact of becoming old and avoid arousing old peoples sad feeling of aging. 14 4.2 The polite function of English euphemism. civility is another important function that euphemisms serve in the sociallife. Politeness is the symbol of humans civilization and one of the important principles guiding peoples activities. As a kind of operative social activity, language activity must observe this principle, too. When we have to talk something unpleasant, we should choose euphemistic way to express in order not to woe others. Being polite is a reasonable action t hat anyone who is keen on face-saving will take. The polite function of euphemism is tried to avoid being harsh or impolite in the communication. In other words, euphemisms are to minimize impolite expressions and maximize polite expressions. For instance, when a teacher comments on a learners moral conducts and school work in front of the student or his or her parent, he or she should report the fact on one hand, and on the other hand should take into consideration the students psychological endurance and the parents face.So the euphemistic way to express might be The student is a bit slow for his or her age instead of The student is stupid . 15 The polite function of English euphemism is substantiate in every occupational language. Occupational discrimination gives people pressure and emotional irritation. Although euphemisms cannot uproot this kind of phenomenon, at least, they can give them some psychological comfort by upgrading of career name. Therefore, engineer, manager, etc. have become more and more fashionable.Dustman is changed to sanitary engineer mechanic to automobile engineer , nurseryman to landscape architect , shoemaker to shoe rebuilder 16 In English, there are many adjectives about peoples appearance, such as good looking, handsome, pretty, charming, personable, etc. They are all commendatory words. When talking about someone who is not pretty, we cannot use ugly or awfully. We had better use some euphemisms such as plain, ordinary, not particularly looking, etc. instead of them. So euphemisms polite function can save peoples face in their process of communication. It is so important that we cannot neglect it.4.3 The cosmetic function of English euphemismBesides the evasive and polite function, euphemism has the cosmetic function. This kind of euphemism is usually used in the government, military, politics and commerce. It refers to using good words to beautify things, which are not beautiful in reality and make the thing be more per suaded and acceptable. Because euphemism has the nature of vagueness, to some extent,it is deceptive. Traditionally speaking, euphemism plays a positive role in social life. Using it, people can avoid some embarrassed and discourteous occasion. But just as every coin has two sides, euphemism has no exception. Using it suitably can coordinate social relationships, but abusing it will misaddress the public, will cover up the essence of things. For example, in modern Western society, the poor is called as the needy , later it was changed to the culturally deprived , then to the deprived , at last to the disadvantaged . So it will confuse people that this country is so rich that there is no poor people at all. Firstly, the government and the military often use them to disguise the reality from truth.They describe Economic crisis as recession or depression attack as nimble defense. 17 At the beginning of 20th century , the relationship between labor and capital become strained, and the agitation of striking became a serious social problem. In order to hide the fact, politicians call the strained labor-capital relationship as industrial climate, striking as industrial action. If the negotiation between labor and capital is successful, it will be claimed as productive, on the contrary, it is counter-productive. 18 Secondly, this kind of euphemism is widely used in commerce. It is often used to play tricks and to deceive the customers. The commercial exaggerates the products function and quality. In the homogeneous way, the English euphemism is also used to make customers feel pleased . For example, in order to meet the passengers sense of dignity, some Airlines call First Class Deluxe Class or Premium Class Second Class First Class and third base Class become Business Class, Economic Class, or Tourist Class.Doing like these, it seems that all passengers position are promoted. Their purpose is to attract more passengers and gain more profits by using euphemisms in the communication, meanwhile, the customers feel more decent, and it helps customers save face. In short, euphemism of this kind may make an idea more palatable, but they dilate language, reduce precision and often tamper with truth. Some people condemn euphemism as demoralizing because of its hypocrisy, which other consider them useful in the aspect of arrange social relationships . However, the fact remains that euphemisms are very much a part of the language, and whats more important for us is not to debate their merits or demerits, but rather to be able to realize that English euphemism can serve for the special social activitiesunder certain circumstance.5. ConclusionEnglish euphemism as an essential part of English language, is observed everywhere and widely used in peoples daily communication. On the issue of the origin and social communicative function of English euphemism, this thesis has a tentative exploration. But this kind of exploration is in a state of Development because euphemism is developed all the time. Euphemism roots in every aspect of social life, and is developed with the advancement of society. English euphemism is a mirror of Western Culture in the form of English language. From the moment it was born, it has distinct culture color. Euphemism undoubtedly reflects the inner relationship among the cultural tradition, social values and the form of language. In speech interaction, sometimes, out of politeness or tact, one uses a pleasant, less direct word instead of something unpleasant. Using euphemism is speakers active pragmatic Strategy in a certain time and a certain situation.English euphemism promotes the Development of English language, and enriches the vocabularies of English language, giving people a feeling of warm and fresh. In the 21st century, with the emergence of science and technology, many social problems rise, too. People crave for the gentle, warm and easy understood words. Euphemism emerges ceaselessly just right for meeting this psychological need. As a common communication medium and a rhetoric method, English euphemism will be used wider and wider.Some scholars hold the opinion that it is unreasonable to use euphemism because they have the nature of deceit, especially in politics and government. But we cannot deny the fact that euphemism is very helpful in the process of human communication. Twenty-first century is a period when people of different culture have even more touches with each other. So it is vital for us to have a good understanding of English euphemism. It is unimaginable if the diplomatic negotiation is without euphemism. Using euphemism is a kind of language skill that each of us should master.Bibliography1 Li Qing. A Tentative training of English Euphemism-From Pragmatic Perspective. Shandong Normal University, a masters degree thesis in English Language and Literature. 2003 2.24 P2 2 Wu Chang-Qi An Analysis of Diplomatic Euphemism from the Perspectives of Cooperative Pr inciples andPoliteness Principle. Chongqing University of Foreign Linguistics and Applied Linguistics Masters degree thesis. 2004.5 P7 3 Hanyin Yan, Liu Lei. Euphemisms from the psychological view of social communicative function J. Science, Shenyang Normal University (Social Science Edition). 2005.3 P146 4 the same 1 P45 Xiang-Yun Wu. Euphemism social function J. Zhaotong Teachers College. 2004.2 P30 6 the same 5 P307 Mao new cultivation. On the basis of English Euphemisms generation J. Yunmeng Journal. 2004.3 P3 8 Sheng-Juan. On the cover of Euphemism function J. Hunan unpolished University (Social Science Edition). 2004.12 P94 9 HU Chun-mei. On the composition and function of Euphemism J. Zhejiang Education College. 2005.1P32 10 Kong a peak, Wang Yanjun. Euphemism of the communicative functions of English and its applications J. Shanxi Journal of Radio and Television University. 2004.P59 11 the same 10 P5912 Bi Xiuying A postulate on English Euphemism. Zhengzhou University Fore ign Language and Literature masters degree thesis 2003.11 P34 13 Fan groups A Study of Culture Connotation of English Euphemism, Hunan Normal University, a masters degree in English Language and Literature Papers 2005.5 P43 14 Ya-Ping Wang, Wan Xueqin. Interpretation of the communicative functions of English Euphemisms J. Jiangxi education. 2004.6 P37 15 Muge force. On the very structure of English euphemism J. Gansu Science and Technology vertical and horizontal. 2005.2 P133 16 Tao Qin 3. Discussion on the origin of English Euphemisms and social function J. A Journal of Nanjing health. 2003.1 P157 17 Wang Ping. The communicative Functions of English Euphemism and its tectonic approach Exploration J. Fuqing Branch of Fujian Normal University Journal of .2004.4 P62 18 the same 10 P59

Earth in Greek mythology Essay

Greek Mythology will always be culturally relevant in our world. in that location is a neat deal of Greek Mythology symbolism of Greek gods in todays society. Greek Mythology will remain compatible to the ideas of society. .myths adaptability is limited by the situation that a myth must be culturally relevant (OSU Greek Mythology) Many aspects of our culture involve and began from Greek myths.The solar system is, for the most part, also named after Greek gods, with the exception of Earth, all of the planets in our solar system have names from Greek or Roman mythology (Starchild NASA 1). There is also such(prenominal) symbolism of Greek gods and mythology in todays society. Greek mythology is greatly reflected in advertising. Several examples are Nike, the goddess of victory, and the very popular sports company, Nike. Another popular advertising is for the FTD flower delivery company.Their logo includes Hermes or Mercury, the messenger of the gods with winged feet. Apollo, the g od of music, has a famous music hall in New York named after him, the Apollo Theater. There is also a magazine of the arts called Daedalus. Greek mythology is relatable to humans. Many of the heroes in Greek mythology are on a quest for truth. In todays society, humans are still looking for truthful answers to their many questions. Myths explain things the people are believed to not understand. Creation stories in Greek mythology tell of how everything came to be, in their opinion.Many Creation stories include a Flood story, which leads Christians to have greater faith that it occurred. It is also important to study Greek mythology because it is part if history. There butt joint be a lot learned about the Greek culture. Greek Mythology will always be relevant and relatable to the people in this world.

Make decisions or solve problems Essay

What ar heuristic programs? How do they avail us use up decisions or solve jobs? How do they hinder decision making and problem solving? What does the study of heuristics tell us about how our mind works? Elvira Gubayeva In psychology, the term heuristics is used to name cognitive shortcuts that our mind takes in order to save time and effort while solving problems and making decisions. Although this rule of thumb technique does not pledge the solution, it is highly likely to solve the problem.These congnitive shortcuts differ from algorithms as algorithms will definitely solve the problem, although they would consume more time in the process. Thus, heuristics are shortcuts that eliminate the take away to take in unlikely possibilities or irrelevant states to reach the final solution. From that perspective, heuristics are useful in making decisions or solving problems. One of the most alpha heuristic methods was explored by Newell & Simon. They called this method the means -ends analysis.This method implies that the problem solver will note the difference between the current state of the problem and the object state, the solution. He would then create a sub inclination to reduce the difference between the two states. A path, or an operator, would be selected to reach the subgoal. Egan & Greeno(1974) used the Tower of Hanoi problem to investigate this heuristic method. They found that subjects with prior experience with the problem who used the means-ends analysis solved more difficult versions of the problem faster than subjects who did not make appropriate subgoals.Subjects who changed their strategy to means-ends analysis produced better results than those who did not. Overall heuristics are useful in solving problems and making decisions as they reduce the complexity of different solutions that are possible. They do yield good results when they are used in the appropriate context. However, heuristics can also hinder decision making and problem sol ving. For example, Anzai & Simon(1979) found that numerous subjects used domain dependent strategies while solving the tower of Hanoi problem.This hindered their process to the solution as they avoided certain states in the puzzle that they believed would not help them, rather than move towards a definite goal/ subgoal state. Subjects were more interested in the goal state and focused on scope that rather than reaching the subgoal state first. As Thomas(1974) found, this could actually hinder process. Thomas used the missionaries-cannibals puzzle and adapted J. R. R. Tolkiens hobbits and orcs to replace missionaries and cannibals. To reach the solution quicker, subjects had to move away from the goal state.However, not many were willing to do that. This distraction to reach the goal state caused the subjects to take longer solving the problem. If the subjects found themselves moving away from the goal state, they typically thought they reached a back alley and backtracked. As a re sult, subjects took longer to solve the problem as they were using the domain dependent heuristic and avoided moving away from the goal. Another heuristic which could hinder correct decision making and problem solving is the availability heuristic.We use data that we can regard as better or that which had a bigger impact on us rather than complete data. Thus subjects can make judgements based on what is easier remembered than an frank judgement. One availability heuristic that is commonly used is the media bias. The media presents such a great number of fatal accidents that most think that death is more likely to be caused by an accident rather than diabetes. This is not the case, yet because an accident is easier to remember and had a greater impact on the mind most would consider the statement above to be true.

The Yellow Wallpaper Reading Response

This is a fictional story, in classic form, has a plot, a setting, a take up of characters, and a point of view in which the story is told. The conflict of this story is the struggle of Jane a crapst her husband and then belatedlyr her struggle against the paper itself. However, it is the way in which the story is told and the unexpected conclusion at the end of it that make it unique and part of the 19th carbon. The setting of this story takes place during the summer in a rented home that John has acquired so that the cashier may rest and get well again.The story takes place about the time in which it was written, in the late 19th century. The house is a colonial mansion, which our narrator quickly tells us she thinks is haunted. It is in a rural setting surrounded by gardens and woods with a lovely shaded winding road leading up to the mansion. The main setting, which the narrator describes, is the room in which she stays. She goes into explicit detail as she cargonfully descri bes the yellow wallpaper which consumes more and more of her attention. The wallpaper becomes a moving prison to our main character, while other characters, like John, barely seem to notice its presence.There are not many characters in this story, but each one plays a vital role in giving the commentator insight into the mind of the writer and allowing the reader to come to a deeper understanding of the inwardness of the story. Jennie, a flat character and foil of the main character, is the main characters sister-in-law and is the caretaker of the home. She is the perfect and enthusiastic housekeeper and hopes for no better profession who serves as a substitute wife for Johns traditional family view. She is the imprisoned woman who is perfectly fine with her prison, even blaming the narrators sickness on her untraditional thinking and writing.John, who is in like manner a flat character, is the main characters husband and is the archetype of the 19th century white male. He is a s uccessful practical physician who treats his wife more like a patient than he does an equal partner. John is a representative image of the dominant sunlight, which in the story keeps the woman behind strict bars and prevents her from being free or creative. Though the narrator neer explicitly tells us her name, the very end of the story says, Ive got out at last, said I, in spite of you and Jane. And Ive pulled off most of the paper, so you cant put me back This is a clear indication to me that the narrators name is Jane, as revealed by the crazy woman (Jane) who straightaway thinks she was the one in the wallpaper. The narrator of the story, Jane, is the main character and is a round character that is fully developed. She is representative of the woman imprisoned, unsatisfied with being merely the meek housekeeper. Jane is like the less dominant moon, which in the story allows the bars of the wallpaper to move and free the woman in the wallpaper from her daytime prison. We are devoted an insight into Janes mind and opinions through her writings in her daybook.This story is told in first-person narration. However, it is not in traditional story form, but it is constructed as if we are reading the hidden journal of the Jane who is telling, us alone, all her intimate thoughts. This also allows for the time-lapse in which the story skips over weeks at a time allowing the reader to gain an understanding of what is going on without having to read mundane and unimportant details. The chronological order of the journal also lends to it appearing as if it could be an actual journal the audience is reading.Although The Yellow Wallpaper has all the components of the average fictional story such as plot, a setting, characters, and is even told in a fairly general point of view, the brilliant writing of the story combined with the unique way in which it is presented, make for an exciting story that keeps the readers attention. The story is also a deep insight into the authors world and time revealing her own personal point of view. It is this creative writing, coupled with deep meaning and veiled in captivating writing, which assures this literary work will continue to remain a hallmark of fiction.

Methodology in action research Essay

Appropriate methods should be employed in the various stages of implementing a successful action look into strategy. I have selected the methods discussed below based on their reliability and cost among other important criteria. This research in a qualitative survey and aims at roll uping enough data from the selected sample. The data collected go out(p) then be subjected to qualitative analysis using the appropriate tools. This paper wherefore seeks to gather relevant data from people who are led and those who practice lead in the selected organizations.The selection of the sample was based random sampling technique so as to avoid bias selection. This is besides signifi fuckt in obtaining composite data that will touch on a variety of organizations that practice leadership. For the participants in this research I have chosen managers of various organizations for instance the sales managers are normally the team leaders in the sales team therefore they can provide the relevant data concerning leadership in their organization.I have also tar come outed to interview members of such team who are also confident of giving out in clayation regarding to how they relate with their leaders and what they feel about their current leadership . In an organization like a bank I will target the sales representatives of customer traffic officers who are part of teams in that particular firm. Data collection The first technique I will use will be the available information. This will be found in books, magazines, journals, reports and the internet. I will go for this technique because I will not spend much besides the information being readily available.But I fear that issues regarding to confidentiality may arise and I may also get incomplete information. The methods should also consider the appropriate demographic that is targeted in the research. Structured interviews in the form of questionnaires can best work for collecting pieces of information form that targeted group. This method is objective and its validity is high. Written questionnaires permitted anonymity and made me get more honest responses from the respondents. The following are examples of questions to be included in the questionnaire What can you say about leadership in your organization?Are there teams in your organization? Does your team leader actualise the needs of the other members? put on you ever been a leader? Do you trust your leaders and are they open to their subjects? What do you think a good leader should have? Do the leaders in your organization understand men and women who work for the organization? Are you contended with the leadership in your organization in terms of human relations? Do you think good human relations affects leadership in your organization? Oral interviews will also utilize because they provide direct clutch with the sources of information hence increasing validity.I also preferred this method because of its flexibility besides seeking clarifi cation where doubts exist. If a respondent does not understand well a given question I can give him an example or explain further before getting his/her response. There was a higher response in this method as compared to the written questionnaires where some respondents were asking for more time and some even handleed with their responses. The only enigma I expect while using written questionnaires is that some respondents will delay and some will not be honest enough.This is because as they delay with the questionnaires some of them will go consulting and therefore compromise some of the ethical values associated with the information they are supposed to supply. Data analysis This part is live so as to establish the relevance of what has been gathered Appropriate tools have to be employ in this stage because the product will be used for interpretation I would prefer to use streak graphs in the analysis because they are straightforward and can easily convey the expected message . They are also very easy to construct using Ms Excel tools.Ms excel is able to choose different types of bar graphs that will bring out clear comparisons between the variables. I will format the graph in such a way that it will have different colors representing the views of the respondents on some of the questions concerning leadership in their organization for instance I can use Red, Blue and Green to represent Good, Fair and Bad leadership. This can be interpreted by whoever will be reading the report and reveal to him/her that the team members have a specific perception of how social intelligence affects leadership in the society.The bar graphs would be very useful especially when comparing between two or more variables. However one challenge with the bar graphs is that they will require some additional verbal or written explanation to accompany them. This will be a challenge because it will plastered additional time will have to be created so as to provide the additional mate rials in terms of explanations. This will also result in more expenses because more effort will have to be put in.

An Analysis of Les Miserables’ Bring Him Home Essay

One of the intimately popular airs in Les Miserables is the line entitled found Him Home. It is sung by Jean Valjean in diddle II of Les Miserables as a form of prayer to God in order for a young person human being named Marius to be able to return home to the woman he loves, Cosette (Guy & Llewelyn-Jones, ). The story behind the song is that Cosette was an orphan whom Jean Valjean had cared for who fell in love with the young man named Marius. However, Marius had become involved in a series of anti-government riots, which puts her relationship with Cosette in a very awkward position.Jean Valjean decides to help Marius stick out back to Cosette, and this song was his prayer (Guy and Llewelyn-Jones, ). The prominent theme in the song is the longing for the safety of other individual. It was, in a sense, finding happiness in the happiness of another, and the singer, Valjean, indicated that he wanted the young son named Maruis to be able to be brought home safely, back to the a rms of Cosette. Valjean sings to the Lord, appealing to Him, and trying to reason to Him, that Marius be to be able to go home.He sings He is young, hes afraid, allow him rest, heaven blessed. Bring him home. Bring him home. Bring him home (NIEHS, n. d. ). Valjean goes on to sing that if he had a son, it would have been Marius, and despite the anti-government riots Marius had participated on, Valjean believes that he is a good man and he deserves to be able to have a shot at life for he is very young. In fact, Valjean even sings that You can take, you can give, let him be let him live. If I die, let me die.Let him leave, bring him home (NIEHS, n. d. ). If one is to read this carefully, it would mean that Valjeans song is saying that, it does not matter if he dies, as long as God spares this young man who is in love with Cosette and brings him home. References NIEHS. (n. d. ). Bring Him Home. Retrieved from http//kids. niehs. nih. gov/lyrics/bringhom. htm. Guy, A. & Llewelyn-Jones, I. (2004). A students guide to GCSE music For the WJEC specification. London Rhinegold publish Ltd.

Effect of Patient Preferred Music on Pain in Postoperative Patients

The eternal sleep of acute pain in adult operative patients continues to be a common problem despite the use up of pharmacologic therapies. Unrelieved pain cigaret cause various do including increased amount rate and blood pressure increased need for oxygen tachypnea increased susceptibility to infection and concern/fear (Swift, 2018). Nurses strive to provide the best financial aid for their patients and this includes finding alternative ways to help with undiminished pain.Providing practice of medicine as an appendix to the banal of care for pain has been shown to reduce acute pain in surgical patients (Comeaux & Steele-Moses, 2013 Nilsson, Rawal, & Unosson, 2003 Zografakis-Sfakiankakis et al., 2017). The following research proposal intended for the institutional brush up board (IRB) go turn up debate the purpose of the direct background and significance adjournicipants and methodology recruitment participant confidentiality participant synthetic rubber apply process risks and burdens benefits cost and payment data and document security and follow-up and dissemination of results.Purpose of StudyThe purpose of this canvass is to determine whether allowing patients to listen to their preferred choice of medical specialty compared to providing them with pre-selected instrumental medication is more effective, when used as an adjunct to the standard of care for pain, on decrease the perception of pain in the adult operative patient.Background and SignificanceThe review of literature was conducted by utilizing the following databases Cumulative Index to Nursing and all(a)ied Health belles-lettres (CINAHL), Google, Nursing Times, and Research Gate. Search terms included music therapy, music, acute pain and postoperative pain. The review of literature proved that music, when used as an adjunct to pharmacologic therapy, is effective in reducing postoperative pain. Pain is an expected outcome of a surgical procedure, however unrelieved post operative pain can lead to complications, delayed healing and, if not dealt with effectively, can become chronic (Swift, 2018, p. 25).According to Nilsson, Rawal, and Unosson, (2003) the best design for postoperative pain statement counseling should include both pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods (p. 700). Comeaux and Steele-Moses (2013) reported According to the Joanna Briggs prove (2009), music therapy as a non-pharmacological adjuvant to opioid analgesia is best practice in the man come onment of pain and perplexity (p. 313).In their own reading, Comeaux and Steele-Moses (2013) found that the use of music therapy improved patient satisfaction of pain management in the postoperative period (p. 314). An new(prenominal) study likewise found that using music as an intervention tool in the acute postoperative period could be useful in promoting patients teething ring and improving perception of pain (Zografakis-Sfakiankakis et al., 2017). Nilsson et al. (2003) rep orted that Music is a non-pharmacological technique, that is inexpensive, non-invasive and has no side-effects that have been shown to reduce postoperative pain (p. 700).Music therapy has been beneficial in treating patients with a wide range of diagnoses and is effective in reducing patients perception of anxiety and pain as head as the need for analgesia (American Music Therapy Association, 2010). While it has been prove that music can reduce postoperative pain, the preceding studies used pre-selected instrumental or classical music, there is limited research available in the clinical setting on the effects music has on pain with regards to providing patients with preferred music choices compared to providing them with pre-selected music.inlay and Anil (2015) conducted a cold pressor test study to induce experimental pain to determine the impact of music image on pain and give tongue to that Simply earshot to music may not be sufficiently effective for managing pain if the mu sic is not enjoyable for the listenerthe more likable the music is to the individual, the better the effects of music listening on the pain (p. 56). Therefore, it is important for nurses to cognize which type of music to implement, preferred or pre-selected, as an adjunct to reduce unrelieved postoperative pain.Participants and MethodologyThis study leave behinding be conducted as an experimental prospective randomised clinical trial in a Level II Trauma Center that has a bump off team of general, specialty and trauma surgeons who perform a broad range of multiple surgeries daily. The anticipate consequence of participants is between 150 and 200 in a 2 month period. The inclusion criteria includes all patients age 18 or over who get out be having an elective surgical procedure done, have an anticipated stay of 3 days or more, are alert and oriented and able to read and spell out English (for questionnaire purposes).Exclusion criteria includes any patient with hearing loss or hearing deficit reservation it difficult to hear the music. Data will be serene by placing participants into two study gatherings, the study group (preferred music choice) and the control group (pre-selected music). Using Zografakis-Sfakiankakis (2017) random selection algorithm participants, if they meet the inclusion criteria, will be selected by the following on a typical surgical day, half of the patients, the initiatory and 3rd patient or every other, will be included in the study group and then the 2nd and the 4th and so on will be included in the control group.A questionnaire will be effrontery to all participants, since both groups with be listening to some type of music, and will include questions about demographic data including gender, age, race, type of surgical procedure. The remaining questions will remove the participant to rate their pain using the numeric rating scale (0-10) before the start of and afterward listening to at least(prenominal) 30 minutes of music what type of analgesic what administered for their painIf any other non-pharmacologic intervention took place (i.e. repositioning or application of ice) what was the patient doing before, during and after listening to music (i.e. lying in bed, up in chair, walking in room/hall, talking with visitor, reading etc.) and the reckon and total time listened to music between each pain medication administration (with at least 30 minutes per session).The study group will be accustomed an easy to use MP3 histrion with FM radio capability and will also be able to request their preferred songs and music to be downloaded to the device by the nurse researchers. The control group will also be given an easy to use MP3 player, without FM radio capability, that is loaded with pre-selected, by nurse researchers, instrumental/classical music. All groups will be provided with earphones to use in order to prevent disruption to other patients.RecruitmentUpon check-in at the hospital for their el ective surgery prospective participants, who meet the inclusion criteria, will be asked if they would like to be involved in a voluntary research study during their hospitalization. The researchers will introduce themselves, including their credentials, and will verbally predicate the individual that the study is trying to determine the effects that music has, in addition to receiving the standard of care for pain, on reducing postoperative pain.They will be certain that MP3 players as wells as earphones will be provided to them and that they will be required to fill out questionnaires during the study. Participants will be informed on how their information will be unploughed confidential, the risks and benefits of this study and after which will be boost to ask questions.Participant ConfidentialityTo ensure participant confidentiality and anonymity participants will be assigned a number that will be included on their questionnaires. The number that they are assigned will be d etermined by the order in which they leave the post anesthesia care unit (PACU). When leaving the PACU the nurse will give the known participants a manila brochure that will contain the numbered questionnaires, MP3 player and instructions on use.The first paper that the participant will see when opening the folder will include a statement to them ensuring that the information that is collected from this study from them will not be divulged to others without permission. The instructions will inform the participants to place all questionnaires and MP3 player back in the envelope upon discharge, seal it and then leave it in the designated locked recession at the nurses station.Participant SafetyListening to music is beneficial, not harmful and non-invasive. Participants will still receive the standard of care for pain. Therefore, in this study there is no risk for harm or harmful deception as both groups will be provided with a music intervention, either preferred choice or pre-selec ted, along with the standard of care for pain. There is no anticipated adverse events seen in implementing the intervention of music listening.Consent ProcessAs part of the recruitment process, which includes providing information about the study, its procedures and allowing for questions, participants who have met the inclusion criteria will be informed that their participation in this study is voluntary and that if they choose to participate that they can withdraw at any time without consequences.The other components of the informed consent will include basis for selection duration of participation risks and benefits confidentiality of records names of investigators and encounter person statement of voluntary participation and then signature lines which will indicate consent. Even though signatures will be obtained at the time of recruitment for informed consent, the researcher will not know the identity of the participant once the study begins as they will be assigned numbers i ndiscriminately as they leave the PACU.All participants will be alert and oriented consenting adults. The participants will also be informed that once this study is finished that it is the goal to have it published in a journal for medical professionals to use as evidence for best practice.Risks and BurdensAs stated earlier, there is to harmful effects or risks in the intervention of listening to music. However, electric potential burdens of this study could possibly occur when filling out the questionnaire. The participants will have to take time and effort to fill out the questionnaire each time they use the music therapy along with taking prescribed medication. This can pose as a possible stretch forth for them as they will be in a perceived state of pain.BenefitsThere are many potential benefits to the participants who take part in this study. As stated earlier music therapy has been beneficial in treating patients with a wide range of diagnoses and is effective in reducing pa tients perception of anxiety and pain as well as the need for analgesia (American Music Therapy Association, 2010).According to the American Music Therapy Association (2010) in addition to the drop-off of pain and anxiety participants may experience improved respiration, lower blood pressure, improved cardiac output, cut down heart rate, and relaxed muscle tension (p. 4). Furthermore, the results of this study can be beneficial in providing nurses and other health care providers with knowledge about the best type of music to use, along with the standard of care, in reducing unrelieved pain for their patients. This information can be shared and may be beneficial as an alternative to reducing pain in various other types of patient populations as well.Cost and PaymentThere will be no cost to the participants of this study as the MP3 players and the earphones will be provided to them by the researchers. No incentives will be given in recruitment or for participation in this study.Data and Document SecurityDocuments for this study will be kept by the patient in the provided manila folder. Once the participant is discharged the sealed manila folder will be turned in by placing it in the designated locked box at the nurses station.The folders will be picked up on a daily basis. Only the nurse researchers will have access to the locked box as well as the questionnaires. All questionnaire collected from the hospital will then be kept in a locked filing cabinet when not being used by the researchers. The data collected including informed consent will be kept for a period of 3 years.Follow-Up and Dissemination of ResultsParticipants will be given the researchers contact information and will have the option to contact the researchers after 3 months to either get the results of the study or be given an approximate date of when the results will be available. Upon completion of this study the aim is to present the research results at various presentations, submit the resea rch results for helpmate review and then ultimately spread the knowledge and the evidence-based intervention through publication in a peer-reviewed journal.ConclusionIn conclusion, we have discussed the purpose of the study background and significance participants and methodology recruitment participant confidentiality participant safety consent process risks and burdens benefits cost and payment data and document security and follow-up and dissemination of results. Researchers involved in this study welcome the critical evaluation of the IRB in order to ensure that the study will be conducted in a strong, ethical and legal manor.

Monitor Your Diabetes Safely †With BIOSAFE Hemoglobin A1c

Routine manageing of your HbA1c aim is just one of the very important go that you must take to help keep your diabetes under control. Without HbA1c testing youre taking unnecessary risks. Dont delay another day Your life is far too importantBIOSAFE has made HbA1c testing more convenient than ever. The BIOSAFE Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) kindred test is a laboratory procedure that measures the total amount of hemoglobin A1c in your family. Comparing the results of your initial HbA1c test to the results of subsequent tests can determine the progress youve made in properly managing your diabetes.The specimen collection process is quick, easy and virtually painless. Using the redundant lancet (included in the BIOSAFE Blood Collection Kit), a couple of drops of blood atomic number 18 taken from a nick of a finger and deposited onto a special collection card. The card is then sent to BIOSAFE Laboratories for analysis. BIOSAFE tests your blood sample to break how much(prenominal) HbA1 c is present and then mails the results back to you in an easy-to-read, understandable report.When Are You Most Likely To cerebrate? Find out with Ovulite Ovulation TestEach menstrual bout is divided into two parts to begin with ovulation and after ovulation. To accurately detect ovulation you must understand the fertility cycle and read the simple results. use correctly, Ovulite can help you stay pregnant.Ovulite is an optical device which allows a woman to predict the ovulation phase of her cycle in order to know the days of the month during which she is most likely to conceive. It consists of a small rounded container about the size of a lipstick tube, a focalizable eyepiece and a small slide where the spitting sample is placed and illuminated with an LED (light emitting diode) when a button is pressed.Ovulite personal ovulation microscope operates based upon the principle that spit forms a ferning pattern when dried which indicates the biochemical and hormonal changes (e strogen) taking place in the body during ovulation. These fern-like shapes (which go forth like frost on a windowpane) are easily observable through the Ovulite ocular lens of the eye which is capable of a 40X magnification.Early Warning Is Possible With The BIOSAFE Prostate Screen From HomeProstate cancer is most often found by Digital Rectal Exam (DRE) and by a blood test called prostatic specific antigen (Prostate Specific Antigen). If either test is abnormal, then a prostate biopsy is done to get tissue from the prostate to look for cancer. It is recommended that men over the age of 50 get a PSA and DRE yearly. BIOSAFE has developed a nationwide network of medical doctors for this purpose.The BIOSAFE Prostate Screen is a laboratory blood test that measures a chemical substance produced by the prostate gland called Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA). down in the mouth amounts of this substance can be measured in the bloodstream by the Prostate Screen. Certain conditions of the prostate may raise the level of PSA in the blood and, while elevated levels of PSA are not harmful, they are an important signal of possible prostate disease. The BIOSAFE Prostate Screen provides you with an accurate, convenient, and inexpensive counsel to discover you own PSA level. The specimen collection process is quick, easy and virtually painless.Accurate And well-provided Home TSH Test (Thyroid stimulate Hormone)The best way to initially test thyroid matter is to measure the TSH level in a blood sample. A high TSH level indicates that the thyroid gland is failing because of a problem that is directly affecting the thyroid (primary hypothyroidism). The opposite situation, in which the TSH level is low, usually indicates that the person has an overactive thyroid that is producing too much thyroid internal secretion (hyperthyroidism). (American Thyroid Association 2005)This is a self-collected laboratory analysis that measures a substance called Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH). This test will help you and your health care professional identify and/or monitor an underactive or overactive thyroid condition.The specimen collection process is quick, easy and virtually painless. A couple of drops of blood are taken from a nick of a finger and deposited into a special collection device called a BTS (Blood Transport System). The BTS is then sent to BIOSAFE Laboratories for analysis. BIOSAFE tests your blood sample to see how much TSH is present and then mails the results back to you in an easy-to-read, understandable report.

Thank You for Smoking by Nick Naylor

Sneha Maknojia Professor Christopher Dunn slope 1302- Essay One 27 February 2013 Thank You for Smoking Thank You for smoking is or so a lobbyist telephone Nick Naylor who is the vice-president of Academy of Tobacco studies. The word-painting revolves around how Nick smooth-talks e rattlingone into believing that Tobacco is not very harmful. Nick Naylors main job was to make nation aware of the research his academy does and answer questions on television regarding health claims against tobacco. Nick believed everyone has some sort of giving and he has the talent to talk populate in or out of an course.He always knew what to say and when he needs to say it. In the movie Thank You For Smoking the main character Nick Naylor shows the actor of how argument when it is done in a correct way, which can make everything seem right. There were many instances in the movie when Nick showed the position of argument. In the movie he argued himself out of some other argument. Throughout t he movie Nick showed the power of art and power of argument from the smallest of things to very serious matters.The first instance I thought he showed his knowledge about argument is when he is with his son in Los Angeles and teaching him how you do not choose to be right to win an argument. He is teaching his son an art of argument by verbal expression that to win an argument all you have to do is to prove other persons argument wrong. The reason wherefore I thought it was kind of an interesting philosophy of Nick Naylor is because it is kind of true sometimes you do not have to prove yourself right.All you have to do is that prove the other person wrong which go forth automatically make you correct. The second time I thought Nick Naylor showed his power over disceptation is at the beginning of the movie when he is at a television talk show and he was being criticized of how the academy is not doing anything to prevent the number of deaths of children because of tobacco. Here again victimisation his great acquirement of smooth talking saying that why would a tobacco company would want their customers to die. Again he made a point which I thought was very logical.He put an end to this argument by claiming how academy is putting their own money to help warp kids not to smoke. Nick again using the power of his argument skills by putting the on us on the other guy sort of of himself and let the other guy prove his case instead Nick trying to prove his. The third base evidence of Nicks argument abilities is shown at the congressional hearing towards the end. When he was arguing on the issue of people being not informed luxuriant about the dangers of tobacco, he was asked to come in to prove that otherwise.Here again instead of proving his own point, Nick Naylor brought up a whole new argument to get peoples focus off from the tobacco argument. He made another valid point by saying that if tobaccos perilous warning needs to be more spectacular on its packaging because it is great danger to American people health than cheese have to have hazardous warning too. He argued that a lot Americans died because of cholesterol so they should put a more prominent danger warning on cheese related products too.Nick gave a great analogy about people being knowledgeable enough to make their own decisions. Just like cheese do not need a warning sign because people are aware of the danger of cholesterol by eating too much cheese, people who smoke are aware of the harm of tobacco. Its a person own choice what they want to consume and what they do not, people are knowledgeable enough to know what is harmful to them and what is not. These claims that Nick have made about the beauty of arguing supports my thesis about how throughout the Nick Naylor showed the power of argument if it is done correctly.He argued with his counter parts in a manner that it never looked like he was arguing. He talked in such a soft, smooth tone that sometime he was not t he one who was defending the argument and it is the other way around. Some people turn over arguing never brings any good, but in this movie Nick Naylor showed how arguing, if done correctly, can persuade people to change their way of thinking. I thought the last dialogue of Nick Naylor sums up his talent of arguing quiet brilliantly. Michael Jordan plays ball. Charles Manson kills people. I talk. Everyone has a talent.

Dangers of Undercover Police Cars Essay

By definition, the practice of law are a constitute body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder. Many concourse in todays society do not trust the practice of law. Many feel that the guard are out to get them. While some feel that police keep our society in tact, some feel that they are given air to much power. Policing predominantly concerns the preservation of order and peace treaty in our country. With that being said, keeping peace is much different from what I feel that our police enforcement agencies in this country actually do. Often, they do the opposite. Trying to find anything and everything that a citizen is doing incorrectly is not keeping peace. In fact, this causes the distancing between our police and the citizens they are policing.My bill speaks on the removal of underground police elevator cars from law enforcement. The impacts that these types of police vehicles have on our society all seems to be ne gative. They are used as a way to catch our citizens off guard, since these vehicles do not appear to be cops. As citizens, we have the right of knowledge. When a police officer is present, I think that we should be able to know. Why are they hiding from us? If theyre here to protect us, why are the not acting like it? Hiding from us makes it seem like they do not want to protect us, but trick us.Police offices auction off off police cars that are out of commission. At a fairly cheap price, these cars are desolate off all lighting and sirens. But that is not to say they are not deceiving. With a catch of hundred dollars and computer access, you can order almost identical lights and sirens to a police officer. Here is a very scary story involving an innocent women, a criminal and a unmarked police car It was only 130 in the afternoon when the unmarked police car pulled alongside Laura Johnsons car with their flashing light on their rooftop, and signaled for her to pull over.She se nsed something was off, so she kept going and straight contacted the dispatcher who checked it out and called her back to tell her there were no unmarked police cars in that area. She was told to keep driving. In a short time 4 police cars surrounded Laura and the suspect car. The police apprehended not only a criminal impersonating a police officer, but a convicted raper wanted by the police for other crimes. That day, Laura got lucky. But if she wouldnt have sensed that something was off, her fate could be much different.Finally, these undercover police units cost our taxpayers more money that you may imagine. Police cars are purchased in bulk, averaging around 30 thousand apiece fully loaded. But the technologies of an undercover car, with low-key lighting and spunky tech LED lights placed all around the car push that number up, to around 34 thousand dollars. Lets say in one year there are 10 new undercover cop cars purchased, thats 40 thousand dollars wasted Of our taxpayers dollars, that could be used for so many another(prenominal) other things.With all of that being said, we must pass this bill to remove undercover police cars. For the discourse of our tax money, the honesty we deserve as citizens, and the safety of the men, women, and children of our community. Thank you for your time.