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Application of the Neuman Systems EssayWith concerns of our solar day to day living we do not hurt enough cadence and budget to be choosey of the type of nutriment or the nutritional value of it, what we think of nowadays is just to have something to satisfy our hunger without considering the nutrients that our body postulate each day. When we hear diet nowadays often we see it as losing weight by have in minds of controlling food intake, but the truth is diet could too mean eradicateing nutritious foods to supplement our bodys needs of nutrients and the type of foods that we be going to consume. As statistics report show that in the United States as m whatever(prenominal) as 20% of hospitalized patients be hypokalemic however, hypokalemia is clinic wholey signifi flockt in however if about 4-5% of these patients. Severe hypokalemia is relatively un harsh. Up to 14% of outpatients who undergo lab testing are found to be mildly hypokalemic .Approximately 80% of pa tients who are receiving diuretics become hypokalemic. Sex incidence is equal in males and females.The looker chose hypokalemia as a topic for a case study in acute adult diseases for the reason that hypokalemia is a fatal disease that is often neglected by the pot in the sense that people does not know what the disease is e very(prenominal)(prenominal) about. The researcher believes that through poring over the whole course of illness, insights and new information can be obtained in dealing with hypokalemia which could help students, nurses and any researcher who would endeavor in the study of hypokalemiaTheoretical FrameworkThe researcher aimed to utilize Neuman Systems Model in a knob with hypokalemia. This theory holistically developed to meet or complement for the nodes needs the researcher wants to verify and to validate the theory by using it on an acute aim called hypokalemia. The uncomparable focus of the Neuman Systems Model is the wellness of the leaf node/ thi ckening frame in relation to surroundal speech signifier and reactions to accent (Fawcett,1995).In relation to its wholistic approach According to the Neuman Systems Model and constitutionic perspective in general, wellness and wellness is defined as the coordination or the degree of form constancy, that is, the condition in which all part and sub move (variables) are in balance or harmony with the whole of the node/ guest system (Neuman,2002)Betty Neumans Systems Model is based on concepts related to stress and reaction to stress. The Neuman Systems Model includes the physiological, psychological, socio heathenish, developmental, and spiritual variables at all levels of the system (Neuman, 2002). The physiological variable deals with mental relationships and processes. The sociocultural variable deals with those functions of the system that involve social and cultural interactions and expectations. The developmental variable deals with developmental processes and needs th at vary as the system matures. The spiritual variable deals with the systems beliefs and their influence and is, according to Neuman, the least understood despite its importance (Frisch, 2006).Basic Structure consists of common knob excerption factors, as well as unique individual characteristics. It represents the basic system skill re tooth roots (Neuman, 2002). Client/client system a composite of variables (physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual), each of which is a subpart of all parts, forms the whole of the client. The client as a system is composed of a core or basic structure of pick factors and surrounding protective concentric rings.The concentric rings are composed of similar factors, yet coif varied and different purposes in either retention, attainment, or maintenance of system stability and integrity or combination of these. The client is considered an open system in total interface with the environment. The client is viewed as a system, and the term can used interchangeably with the client/client system (Neuman, 2002). Content the variables of a person in interaction with the internecine and external environment comprise the whole client system (Neuman, 2002) class of reaction the degree of reaction is the amount of system instability resulting from stressor invasion of the figure line of merchandises of defense. Environment is defined as all factors affecting and affected by the system and is all internal and external factors or influences surrounding the identified client or client system. Neuman has identified three relevant environments. The internal environment consists of all forces or interactive influences internal to or contained solely within the boundaries of the defined client/client system. The external environment consists of all forces or interactive influences external to or live outside the defined client/client system and is interpersonal and extrapersonal in nature(Neuman, 2002). Feed stern the process within which matter, energy, and information, as system output, provide feedback for corrective action to change, enhance or stabilize the system.Flexible lines of defense is a protective buffer for the clients normal or a stable tell. Ideally, it stays invasion of stressors and keeps the client system free from stressor reactions or symptomatology (Fawcett, 1995). Goal the system goal is stability for the purpose of client survival and optimal wellness. Health a continuum of wellness to illness, dynamic in nature, that is constantly subject to change. Optimal wellness or stability indicates that total system needs are be met. A reduced state of wellness is the result of unmet needs. The client is in a dynamic state either wellness or illness, in varying degrees, at any organize in time. Input/Output the matter, energy, and information exchange between client and environment that is entering or leaving the system at any point in time. Lines of resistance contain certain known and unknown internal and external resource factors that turn out the clients basic structure and normal defense line thus protecting system integrity.An example is the bodys mobilization of white blood cells or activation of immune system mechanisms. Effectiveness of the lines of resistance in reversing the reaction to stressors allows the system to reconstitute ineffectiveness leads to energy depletion (Neuman, 2002). Normal line of defense is the solid boundary line that encircles the broken internal lines of resistance. This line represents what the client has become, the state to which the client has evolved over time, or the usual wellness level. The normal defense line is a standard a net incomest any deviancy from the usual wellness state can be determined (Neuman, 2002). Prevention as preventive typology or modes for nursing action and determinants for entry of both client and nurse into the health care system. Primary streak before a reaction to str essors occurs. Secondary prevention preaching of symptoms by-line a reaction to stressors 3rd prevention maintenance of optimal wellness following treatment.Reconstitution represents the return and maintenance of system stability, following treatment of stressor reaction, which may result in higher or lower level of wellness than previously. Stability a state of balance or harmony requiring energy exchanges as the client adequately copes with stressors to retain, attain, or concur an optimal level of health, thus preserving system integrity. Stressors are environmental factors, intra-, inter-, extrapersonal factor in nature that have potential for disrupting system stability. A stress is any phenomenon that might penetrate both the flexible and normal lines of defense, resulting in either positive or negative outcome (Neuman, 2002).Intrapersonal stressors are within the internal environment of the client/client system and include such forces as conditioned and autoimmune respon ses. Interpersonal stressors are in the external environment. They occur at the boundary between the client/client system and the proximal external environment an include such forces as intent expectations and communication strains. Extrapersonal stressors also are in the external environment. They occur at the boundary of the client/client system and the distal external environment and include such forces as financial concerns or social policies (Fawcett, 1995).Wellness/Illness wellness is the condition in which all system parts and subparts are in harmony with the whole system of the client. one is based on interrelationships of variables, which determine the amount of resistance an individual has to any stressor. Illness indicates disharmony among the parts and subparts of the client system. Wholistic a system is considered wholistic when any parts or subparts can be organized into an interrelating whole. Wholistic shaping is one of keeping parts whole or stable in their inti mate relationships individuals are viewed as wholes whose component parts are in dynamic interdependent interaction.Research DesignThe researcher in this study utilized the case study method. The case study design involves an intensive exploration of a single unit of study, such as a person, very small figure of speech of subjects, family, group, community, or intro ( Burns Grove, 2003).Research localeThe study was conducted in Cebu City Medical Center located at N. Bacalso Avenue,Cebu City. Cebu City Medical Center (CCMC) is a 300 bed capacity government hospital that caters all residents of Cebu City. The client was admitted at the stroke ward, third floor which accommodates clients with physical complaints, classified under Internal medicine (IM) as cardiovascular problems. It is a 10 bed capacity ward which caters patients admitted with cardiovascular problems.Research agentThe researcher utilized Gordons functional health model as a research instrument which is categorize d in 11 domains namely health perception management pattern which explains of what the client perceives in her condition, nutritional- metabolic pattern explains for the diet of the client and regarding food groups and the number of servings per day, elimination pattern pertains to urinary and bowel patterns, instance- activity pattern points out to the activities of daily living of the client which also includes exercise, sleep-rest pattern defines the number of hours the client sleeps or on what time of the day the client takes his rest/ either its continuous or disturbed, cognitive perceptual pattern refers to the level of cognitive maturation of the client, self-perception pattern means on how the client perceives or sees herself, role-relationship pattern explains the role of the client in her family and society, sexuality-sexual functioning this domain explains if the client is sexually active or not and the number and age gap of the children the client has, coping-stress ma nagement pattern means on how the client would react to stress and what would the client do to resolve it , and values-belief system identifies the belief or religion of the client and their religious practices. entropy gathering procedureA transmittal letter was sent to the chief nurse of cebu city medical examination center. The researcher chose a client which had an acute condition to be interviewed, prior to the interview the researcher explained to the client the purpose and the goals of the interview, wherein the client agreed with her full consent and understanding. The researcher conducted a chart review of the client followed by doing a physical assessment and did an interview utilizing Gordons Health pattern tool.Chapter 2Results and interventionThis chapter presents an appraisal utilizing the Neuman Systems Model in assessing and dealing with clients with hypokalemia. Situational AppraisalThe client is a 38-year old female, which watercoursely resides at baranggay ylay a talamban Cebu City. She was born on march 10, 1975, she is a Roman Catholic by faith and is the youngest amongst two daughters of the arcsecond family her father had, and is now an orphan and a widow. She perceives her current condition as a payment for her sins, the clients sister said that the client had generation where she had epilepsy and sometimes with seizures but it disappeared later in time .She is currently unemployed and only works as an extra even though she had an unstable source of income she still managed to eat 3 times daily but with limitation of food intake vegetable is the main food source that they can afford and is only in a single food group drinks water depending on her needs or if she is thirsty.Elimination pattern is on a daily basis or depending upon the urge. Her daily activity includes waking up, sleeping, and goes to work which is considered as sedentary. Sleep and rest patterns are altered she sleeps 6-9 hours daily but is interrupted she wakes up a t night and has difficulties in falling back to sleep. The client was a third year high school level but it was not a hindrance to her to find a job. The client views herself as helpless and hopeless at some times due to her illness. She was the youngest daughter she sought all the attention of her parents but she did not rely on them she worked sturdy to be employed and she found a job as a factory worker her elderberry bush sister was had a child and which she also loved as her own, and later was married.She was married but neer had a child but she acted as a mother to her sisters son, in her current state she has no partner in life and is not sexually active for her living a single life free of obligations is fine, following by the loss of both her parents she was on depressed and drowned herself in her work just to get over following her loss, it was also aggravated when her husband died in an hazard which she had the hard time to accept and was depressed which made her let go of her job, the most depressed event of her life where she resorted to the use of prohibited drugs happened when her nephew died it was the most painful loss for her be spring she treated her nephew as her own son. The only family member that is left with her is her elder sister all of her siblings on her fathers first family is not close to them. The client believed that her present condition is a punishment to her since she forgot her obligations in the church and thought being a creditor is a sin and she is paying for it.Theory-establish AssessmentPhysiological loss of system stability demonstrated in heftiness weakness as seen in difficulty in subsisting and unfitness to ambulatePsychological loss of system stability demonstrated in feelings of uselessness and helplessnesssociocultural loss of system stability seen in lack of financial deport upon hospitalization and relative supportDevelopmental loss of system stability seen in unemployment, dependence, and a decrease in competency in current age bracket.Spiritual loss of system stability in feelings of uselessnessPsychopathophysiologyThe first is insufficient intake. Poor kB intake alone is an uncommon cause of hypokalemia but occasionally can be seen in very elderly individuals unable to cook for themselves or unable to chew or drink in well. Over time, such individuals can accumulate a significant potassium deficit. Another clinical stain where hypokalemia may occur due to poor intake is in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN), where potassium supplementation may be inadequate for a prolonged period of time. The second is increased excretion. change magnitude excretion of potassium, especially coupled with poor intake, is the most common cause of hypokalemia. The most common mechanisms prima(p) to increased renal potassium losses include enhanced sodium delivery to the collecting duct, as with diuretics mineralocorticoid excess, as with primary or secondary hyperaldosteronis m or increased urine flow, as with an osmotic diuresis.Gastrointestinal losses, most commonly from diarrhea, also are common causes of hypokalemia. Vomiting is a common cause of hypokalemia, but the pathogenesis of the hypokalemia is complex. Gastric fluid itself contains little potassium, approximately 10 mEq/L. However, vomiting produces volume depletion and metabolic alkalosis. These 2 processes are accompanied by increased renal potassium excretion. Volume depletion leads to secondary hyperaldosteronism, which, in turn, leads to enhanced cortical collecting tubule secretion of potassium in response to enhanced sodium reabsorption. metabolous alkalosis also increases collecting tubule potassium secretion due to the decreased availability of hydrogen ions for secretion in response to sodium reabsorption. The third is due to a shift from extracellular to intracellular space.This pathogenetic mechanism also often accompanies increased excretion, leading to a potentiation of the hypo kalemic effect of excessive loss. Intracellular shifts of potassium often are episodic and frequently are self-limited, for example, with acute insulin therapy for hyperglycemia. Regardless of the cause, hypokalemia produces similar signs and symptoms. Because potassium is overwhelmingly an intracellular cation and because a variety of factors can regulate the actual serum potassium concentration, an individual can incur very substantial potassium losses without exhibiting frank hypokalemia. Conversely, hypokalemia does not always reflect a true deficit in total body potassium stores.Variance from wellness Nursing intervention Reconstitution Weak extremitiesSubjective cues dili nako malihok ako mga tiil as verbalise by the client.Objective cues * Client falsehood on bed * Foot plantar flexed. * Weak muscle strength and low muscle tone on extremities.Difficulty in breathingSubjective cues usahay mag lisod ko ug ginhawa as verbalized by the clientObjective cues * Enlarged chest cav ity. * Use of accessory muscles in breathing * Fast deep breaths * heraldic bearing of nasal prongs at the bedside.Risks for muscle atrophy and foot droppingSubjective cues mura ug ning gamay akong mga bati-is as verbalized by the client.Objective cues * Client is lying on bed * Foot plantar flexed * Immobility of the lower extremities* No presence of foot mount up * No ROM exercises done. * Promote ROM exercises to prevent muscle atrophy on the affected sleeve * hand over foot board to support the foot and avoid plantarflexion which causes foot drop. * Encourage the client to eat a balanced diet paired with bananas for potassium replacement * Administer medications as prescribed * monitor lizard the client for any complications * Position the client on semi-fowlers position. * Instruct client to do abdominal breathing or pursed lip breathing. * Monitor for signs of hypoxia* Administer oxygen prn as prescribed. * Promote ROM exercises. * Provide foot board. * Encourage the S.O. to do sponge bathing to promote circulation. * Encourage the client to move the and exercise the toes of the feet. Goal demonstrated techniques and lifestyle changes to meet physiologic needs.Reconstitution lines of resistance building.Goal promoted techniques and exercises to meet physiologic needsReconstitution lines of resistance buildingGoal promoted techniques and exercises to prevent the occurrence of physiologic problemsReconstitution lines of resistance building and strengthening the flexible lines of defense.Response of the client on the Interventions ProvidedThe client was able to see through herself on identifying and prioritizing the problems through based on her judgment and of the researchers appraisal of her identified stressor the client was able to recuperate in the treatment, the client was able to come up with solutions on the problems that were most attainable and most important to her which is attaining the optimum level of functioning. The client was able to g ain a boosted self-esteem and a positive outlook in life, reconstitution of her lines of defense and strengthening each lines is in progress, through positive feedback the client was able to see through it all that the physiological body is not just the only factor in healing but it should comprise the mind, the spirit, the society, and development to achieve a wholistic and faster recovery from illness.Conclusion and RecommendationsConclusionsThe Neuman Systems Model was effective, efficient in providing a wholistic nursing care to the client with hypokalemia. The assessment made was thorough and was based on the what the client and the care provider perceives thereby large-minded a collaborative and specific hint as to what the problem is wherein effective solutions can be brought up. though the system is quite complicated and challenging at some times, it just needs practice in implementing the model to be able to familiarize it.The research concluded that the Neuman Systems Mod el is an effective tool which can enhance the nurses critical and analytical thinking by the data gathered based on the clients initial response and the nurses judgment thereby minimizing the occurrence of an error in identifying problems and providing nursing care.RecommendationsBased on the findings, observations and the conclusion utilizing the Neuman Systems Model is effective and wholistic enough in the approach of a client with hypokalemia. The following are the researchers suggestions and recommendations1 nurse practitioners should do a thorough assessment on their clients not only by identifying the main problems but also by assessing the person as a whole it could be done through the use of the Neuman Systems assessment and evaluation tool.2 Interventions differ from client to client others may vary but there is no such thing as a uniformed intervention thereby it is necessary for the nurse to assess for the needs of the client.BibliographyBurns and Grove (2003) Understandi ng Nursing research 3rd edition W. B. Saunders,Elsevier followFawcett, Jacqueline (1995) Analysis and Evaluation of Conceptual Models of Nursing 3rd ed. F.A. Davis CompanyFrisch N., Frisch L. (2006) psychiatrical Mental Health Nursing 3rd ed. Thomson Delmar Learning CompanyKarch, Amy (2008) Lippincotts Nursing Drug Guide Wolters Kluwer Lippincott Williams Wilkins CompanyMedical-Surgical Nursing Made Incredible Easy (2004). Lippincott Williams Wilkins Company SpringhouseNeuman, Betty and Fawcett, Jacqueline 2002 The Neuman Systems Model 4th edition Prentice pressure group Company